How do equities actually impact my portfolio; both in terms of risk and in terms of returns?

How exactly does the set off of capital losses (both ST and LT) actually work while filing my returns?

I heard there is a lot of algo trading in markets. Does that impact my execution?

How do bonds weigh versus bond funds in terms of risk and returns? What is more suitable for a retail investor?

How does the increase in the yield in the market actually impact the present value and future value of the flows?

Is it that none of the tips work or do some tips actually work in stocks?

How do traders differ from investors in terms of their mental make-up?

Since I have soft copies of my returns, do I still need to keep hard copies of returns?

How does an increase in the market price impact the intrinsic value of a call and a put option?

How does a fall in the market price impact the intrinsic value of a call and a put option?

How does volatility of the stock and the movements in the market price impact the value of the call option? Can you throw some light on that subject?